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即使真是汉奸,教授也无权殴打/于伏海

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-05-31 12:29:57  浏览:8235   来源:法律资料网
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即使真是汉奸,教授也无权殴打



于伏海



刚才看到一个标题《支持韩德强:汉奸就该打!》,看到这种标题,不用看内容就会知道里边要说什么。



本人不想评论这样的文章,只谈以下几点:



第一,即使骂毛泽东的老先生真是汉奸,韩德强也无权殴打。

韩德强是什么身份?充其量只是个教师而已,别说是教师了,就是警察,法律也不允许他们打人的。别人说的话如果触犯了法律,韩德强只有举报或者投诉的权利,比如向司法机关报案,但他绝对没有打人的权利,打人就是犯法的,应该受到法律的制裁。



第二,中国的法律没有任何一条规定“骂”国家领导人是犯法的,包括骂已经死去的国家领导人。

有的人拿出宪法来论证骂毛泽东是违法行为,请问宪法里面哪一条有这种违反人权的规定?宪法的序言只是用简短的几句话说毛泽东干了哪些事情,从这些句子里无法推理出“禁止批评毛泽东”或者“禁止‘骂’毛泽东”的结论来。

恰恰相反的是,宪法第35条清楚地确立了公民的言论自由权利,这种权利的体现之一是,人们有权对历史人物和公众人物进行批评甚至是责骂。毛泽东身前是中国最高领导人,人们有权利批评国家领导人,有权利责骂国家领导人,尽管当年谁批评毛泽东谁就会被打死或者判刑,当年,判决批评毛泽东的人死刑或者重刑是严重的犯罪行为。

现在,毛泽东已经作古,成为一个历史人物,对历史人物,官方可以有官方的立场,除官方之外,每个人都有权利对历史人物作出自己的评价,这也是言论自由的体现,人们有权完全否定一个历史人物,也有权完全肯定一个历史人物,别人对这种否定或者肯定只能提出异议,但是绝对不能因为观点不同而出手打人。

有的人又说毛泽东也跟别人一样有普通人的一面,即使他已经去世,那作为死者也是有名誉权的,《最高人民法院关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》也已经对此作出了明确的规定。对此观点,我想说的是, 并不是所有的死者都予以权护,对于已经逝世的公众人物,一般不受这个规则的保护,特别是死者既是国家前领导人又是公众人物时,为了实现人们的言论自由权利,对这些死者的批评甚至是责骂,不能被认定为侵犯了这些死者的名誉权。

所以,在这个问题上,我特别佩服毛泽东的后人,到目前为止,我没有看到过毛泽东的任何后人起诉或者控告过批评毛泽东的公众,因为本案中那位老先生的言辞果真的侵犯了毛泽东作为一个死者的名誉,那有权利采取法律手段的也只有毛的近亲属,别人可以随意评说,但是无权起诉,打人就更是违法或者犯罪的行为。



第三,有的人会说,既然“骂”毛泽东没有侵犯公民的人格尊严,那毛泽东的尸体还在,“骂”毛泽东,就触犯了中国刑法规定的侮辱尸体罪。

果真是这样吗?

侮辱尸体罪,是指以暴露、猥亵、毁损、涂划、践踏等方式损害尸体的尊严或者伤害有关人员感情的行为。本案中,老先生只是认为毛泽东不值得人们这么崇拜,并没有对毛泽东尸体通过暴露、猥亵、毁损等方式予以侮辱,所以,老先生的行为也没有触犯侮辱尸体罪。

即便老先生的行为真的触犯了侮辱尸体罪,那韩德强仍然不能殴打老先生,韩德强顶多只有权把老先生扭送到司法机关,让司法机关作出认定,如果韩德强打人了,韩德强就违法或者犯罪了。

谈到侮辱尸体罪,到底谁在侮辱毛泽东的尸体?根据刑法,把毛泽东的尸体放在纪念堂里暴露在光天化日下,算是对毛泽东尸体的最大侮辱了,希望韩德强对此发出呼吁,让贵组织早日把你们的圣人入土为安为好。



第四,老先生“骂”毛泽东没有违法,但韩德强打老先生一定违法了而且证据确凿-现场的视听资料和韩德强自己的承认都可以证明。我国宪法、治安管理处罚法、侵权责任法、民法通则对此都作出了明确的规定。韩德强违反了宪法第38条,侵犯了老先生的人格尊严,根据治安管理处罚法,如果被殴打的老先生已经六十岁以上,那公安机关可以给予韩德强十日以上十五日以下拘留,并处五百元以上一千元以下罚款的行政处罚。

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北京市财政局转发财政部国有企业公司制改建有关财务问题的暂行规定的通知

北京市财政局


北京市财政局转发财政部国有企业公司制改建有关财务问题的暂行规定的通知
北京市财政局



市属各企业总公司(局、办、集团公司)、各区县财政局:
现将财政部《国有企业公司制改建有关财务问题的暂行规定》转发给你们,并结合本市情况补充如下,请一并布置企业遵照执行。
一、由全体出资者(含国家授权投资的机构或部门)提出,或由国有企业提出申请、出资者同意,并报经市体改委、市财政局、市国有资产管理局批准改建为有限责任公司〈含国有独资公司〉、股份有限公司的,均应执行本规定。
二、市财政局及其直属财政分局、区县财政局要参与企业公司制改建的全过程,履行相应的职责。进行公司制改建的市属国有企业,其债权债务清理情况、帐务分设方案、资产分离情况、财务收支情况、留存收益分配情况等,必须报经市财政局及其财政分局审批,区县属国有企业,要
报经区县财政局审批。
三、企业进行公司制改建时,应对各项资产进行全面清查登记,并编制资产负债表、损益表、利润分配表,连同财产清册,按企业隶属关系分别报市财政局及直属分局或区县财政局审批。
四、企业进行公司制改建,在资产评估中,对按国家规定进行清产核资后未处理的潜亏(包括:各项存货未纳入损益的净盘亏和净损失;应转入而未转入成本的各项费用及未处理的挂帐;提供足够、有效证明的应收帐款中的坏帐损失;库存产成品成本高于售价的损失未按市财政局京财
工(1992)437号文件处理的部分;待处理固定资产净损失等)、亏损挂帐、产成品清查损失,应按照京政办发(1995)67号文《北京市调整经济结构若干配套政策实施办法〈试行〉》规定的报批程序进行处理。
对清理出的1995年4月1日以后发生的各项资产盘盈、盘亏、毁损、报废等,要计入企业当期损益。
五、企业进行公司制改建,对采取一次或分次付款方式支付土地出让金、购买国有土地使用权的,其支付的土地出让金要在报经主管财政机关审批后,按批准的使用期限摊销,不能仅以支付土地出让金的凭证做为依据进行摊销。
六、企业实行公司制改建时,对国家专项拨款,或按先征后返办法返还给企业的增值税、所得税等税金所形成的资本公积金,应转为国家股。
七、企业实行公司制改建时,对职工大学、中专、技校等应逐步实行社会化管理,具体办法由市政府另行规定。
八、企业实行公司制改建,应在办理变更登记后30日内,向市财政局及直属分局或区县财政局提交有关文件的复制件。
九、改建后的公司制企业,应根据《企业财务通则》的有关规定,定期向市财政局及直属财政分局或区县财政局报送有关会计报表和年度财务报告。
十、本规定自1995年1月1日起执行,此前已改组为公司制的企业,其财务处理问题如与本规定不符的,应做相应调整。

附件:财政部关于印发《国有企业公司制改建有关财务问题的暂行规定》的通知财工字〔1995〕29号
国务院各部、委、各直属机构,各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市财政厅(局):
为了适应建立现代企业制度的需要,积极稳妥地推进国有企业公司制改建工作,规范国有企业公司制改建中的财务行为,维护公司改建过程中各方的合法权益,依据《中华人民共和国公司法》、《企业财务通则》以及国家其他有关法规,我们制定了《国有企业公司制改建有关财务问题
的暂行规定》,现印发给你们,请遵照执行。执行中有什么问题,请及时报告财政部。

附:国有企业公司制改建有关财务问题的暂行规定
第一条 为了适应建立现代企业制度的需要,积极稳妥地推进国有企业公司制改建工作,规范国有企业公司制改建中的财务行为,维护公司改建过程中各方的合法权益,依据《中华人民共和国公司法》、《企业财务通则》以及国家其他有关法规,制定本规定。
第二条 国有企业(以下简称“企业”)按照《中华人民共和国公司法》规定的程序,经批准改建为有限责任公司(包括国有独资公司)和股份有限公司的,执行本规定。
第三条 企业实行公司制改建,可以采取整体改建、分立式改建和合并式改建。
第四条 企业实行公司制改建,应坚持政企职责分开,有利于促进企业转换经营机制,优化资源配置和企业组织机构,提高经济效益,保障国有资产保值增值。
第五条 各级主管财政机关要参与企业公司制改建的全过程,在改建中履行下列职责:
(一)参与确定实行公司制改建的企业;
(二)参与审批公司制改建的总体方案;
(三)审批企业财产清查结果和资产评估中各项财产损失的确认、处理;
(四)审批企业公司制改建中债权债务清理情况、帐务分设方案、资产分离情况、财务收支情况、留存收益分配情况;
(五)对企业公司制改建中其他各项财务活动实施管理和监督检查。
第六条 企业进行公司制改建,应当对企业固定资产、流动资产、无形资产、长期投资以及其他资产进行全面清查登记,对各项资产损失以及债权债务进行全面核对查实。在此基础上编制资产负债表、损益表和利润分配表,连同财产清册报主管财政机关审批。
第七条 企业进行公司制改建,应在财产清查的基础上,按国家有关规定,由国有资产管理部门授予有资产评估资格的机构进行评估,并报国有资产管理部门立项确认。
在资产评估中,对企业各类财产损失以及待摊费用、递延资产等,经主管财政机关批准后,可以区别下列情况处理:
(一)原按国家规定统一清理挂帐而仍未处理的潜亏、亏损挂帐、产成品清查损失,报经主管财政机关审批后冲减盈余公积金和资本公积金,不足部分冲销资本金。
(二)清理出的各项资产盘盈、盘亏、毁损、报废等;计入企业当期损益。
(三)已转入企业递延资产挂帐的长期借款利息以及其他待摊费用、递延资产等,应区别不同改建方式处理:实行整体改建和合并式改建的,由改建后的公司制企业分期摊销;实行分立式改建的,应根据改建后的债务归属和费用性质分别由公司制企业和分离企业分期摊销。
国家有关部门在对企业资产评估结果进行确认时,对有关资产损失等处理,应当以主管财政机关的审批意见为依据,未经主管财政机关批准的,不得核销。
第八条 企业进行公司制改建,对占用的国有土地,经评估确认后,可分别情况处理:
(一)将国有土地使用权作价入股、计入公司制企业总资产的,作为国家股处理;
(二)采取一次或分次付款方式支付土地出让金购买国有土地使用权的,在有效期内,其支付的土地出让金由主管财政机关审批后,按批准的使用期限摊销;
(三)经批准采取租赁方式取得的,土地使用权按评估后的价值,直接租赁给公司制企业。
第九条 企业进行公司制改建,对原经批准的职工内部集资,按集资章程或办法规定分别处理:
(一)属于投资性质的,转为个人股;
(二)属于借款性质的,转作公司负债,经公司与职工协商同意,也可转为个人股;
(三)经营者交纳的风险抵押金已经到期的,可按自愿原则转作个人股。
改建为股份有限公司的,个人股不得超出国家规定的比例限额,原企业职工集资款转作个人股后剩余的部分转作公司的负债。
第十条 企业实行公司制改建,原企业由于国家专项拨款、各类建设基金投入以及按规定实行先征后退办法返还给企业的各项税收等所形成的资本公积金,应转为国家股;其中尚未形成企业资本公积金而在专项应付款中单独反映的,继续转作负债管理,形成资本公积金后应作为国家投
资单独反映,留待以后年度扩股时按规定程序转作国家股。
第十一条 企业实行公司制改建,应根据国家有关规定按评估确认后的企业帐面净资产折股;评估确认的净资产按规定折股后与公司实收资本如有差额的,在资本公积金中单独反映。
第十二条 企业实行公司制改建,不得以任何形式将国有资产无偿或低价转让给职工个人。企业的应付工资、应付福利费、职工教育经费余额,转作流动负债,其中,整体改建和合并式改建的,作为公司制企业流动负债管理;分立式改建的,按照职工人数比例分别转入公司制企业和分
离企业作为流动负债管理,不得转作职工个人投资。
第十三条 企业采用分立式改建,在资产分离过程中,应当坚持自愿协商的原则。
企业招待所、宾馆、疗养院等可以整体出售或者分立,成为独立核算的法人实体。
企业托儿所、幼儿园、职工医院等,是否分立,应根据企业具体情况协商确定,实行分立的应独立核算,自负盈亏;暂不具备条件分立的,划入改建后的公司制企业。
企业职工大学、中专、技校等职业教育经费,按“谁受益、谁付费”的原则,以用人单位负担为主,个人负担为辅,逐步实行社会化。企业所办的中小学等基础教育以及公检法等机构原则上应当在与当地政府充分协商的基础上移交政府管理。移交政府管理的,其经费支出,可以采取过
渡办法,基数部分由公司制企业继续负担,增量部分由当地政府负担,具体实行核定定额、逐年递减的办法。暂难移交政府管理的,由公司制企业负担;或者由分立的未实行公司制改建的企业(以下简称分立企业)负担,公司制企业给予经费补助。公司制企业给予的经费补助计入管理费用

企业职工住房的管理机构具备条件的,应组成独立的经济实体,并单独承担企业职工住房的建设、管理、维修、分配等职能,统一执行国家有关住房改革的政策。企业规模较小、自管公房较少的,也可将自管公房直接划交当地房管部门管理。暂不具备条件组成独立经济实体和移交房管
部门管理的,企业职工住房管理机构可由原企业继续管理或由公司制企业代管,有关住房资金的管理按国家关于住房制度改革的财务处理规定执行。
第十四条 企业实行分立式改建,必须理顺原企业与公司制企业的产权关系和财务关系。
(一)严格界定产权,明晰产权关系。实行分离的资产与改建为公司制企业的资产应严格分离。分立企业应成为产权明晰、独立核算、自负盈亏的经济实体。没有折股的资产,应由分立企业管理,实行经营性租赁办法的,企业应向公司制企业收取租赁费。
企业向公司制企业收取的租赁费可参照以下公式计算确定:
年租赁费=(租赁资产年折旧额+租赁资产总额×公司制企
业总资产报酬率)÷(1-流转税税率-流转税税率×流转税
附加率)

总资产报酬率=(利润总额+利息支出)÷(企业平均资产
总额)

企业平均资产总额=(期初资产总额+期末资产总额)÷2

流转税附加率是国家统一规定的城建税税率和教育费附加征收率之和。
公司制企业支付的租赁费计入管理费用;分立企业收取的租赁费计入其他业务收入。
(二)分立企业和公司制企业应严格划分债权、债务。企业债权、债务应根据企业分离的情况和分离资产的性质界定。各级主管财政机关要对企业债权、债务的清理和处理情况进行严格审查,不得在改建中将债务转嫁给分立企业。
(三)分立企业与公司制企业的业务往来、经济活动应严格按照独立企业之间的业务活动和市场价格结算,收取或支付价款。对以“内部往来”进行结算和核算,转移收入、逃避税收的,主管财政机关有权按国家规定进行调整,并按违反财经法规处理。
(四)分立企业与公司制企业管理机构和人员应当分开,严格划清各项费用支出。凡是“一个机构,两块牌子”,没有实行机构、人员分开的,要限期分开,有关管理费用的分摊应报主管财政机关核定。
(五)分立企业和公司制企业应当按照资产、债务分开,收入、费用分开的原则严格分帐,建立新帐,认真执行国家财务制度规定,正确进行经济核算和财务核算,分别编制企业财务会计报表。
第十五条 企业实行公司制改建,离退休人员经费应区别不同情况进行处理。实行整体改建和合并式改建的,其离退休人员经费由改建后的公司制企业负担;实行部分改建的,离退休的生产工人和生产管理人员,按其在岗时工作性质分别由分立企业或改建的公司制企业负担,其他离退
休人员按分立企业和改建的公司制企业的职工人数比例分别负担。
第十六条 企业实行分立式改建,分立企业应自负盈亏,企业发生的经营性亏损,在国家规定的期限内用税前利润予以弥补。企业发生的政策性亏损,经主管财政机关审批,可在一定期限内按企业隶属关系由主管财政机关予以适当补贴,具体采用核定亏损定额、逐年递减的办法。主管
财政机关弥补的亏损数额不得大于改建的公司制企业实际上缴国家的股利。
第十七条 企业改建为公司制企业的当年,年终取得的投资收益应按改建前后的时间占年度的比例,划分为改建前应取得的投资收益和改建后应取得的股资收益。改建前的投资收益,无论实行整体改建、合并式改建,还是分立式改建,均应单独进行利润分配,依法纳税,其中属于国家
所有者权益的部分,留待以后年度扩股时转作国家股;改建后的投资收益,直接计入企业的利润总额。
第十八条 企业实行公司制改建,经批准确认的资产评估价值自评估基准日起,到公司制企业注册登记日止,一年内有效。在有效期内,原企业实现利润(或亏损)而增加(或减少)的净资产,分别下列情况处理:
(一)如属增加的净资产,原则上应上缴主管财政机关,经主管财政机关批准,也可以列入公司制企业的资本公积金,单独反映,留待以后年度扩股时转增国家股;
(二)如属减少净资产,经主管财政机关批准,由公司制企业用以后年度国家股应分得的股利补足。
超过有效期才能注册登记的,或在有效期内被评估资产的价格发生重大变化的,须重新申请评估立项。
第十九条 企业实行公司制改建,应在办理变更登记后30日内,向主管财政机关提交有关文件的复制件。
第二十条 改建的公司制企业,其经营活动和财务管理工作,应遵守国家的法律、法规和财务制度规定,并按国家规定建立健全公司内部财务管理办法,接受主管财政机关的检查和监督。
第二十一条 改建的公司制企业,应按照《中华人民共和国公司法》和企业财务制度规定进行利润分配。向投资者分配利润,应坚持同股同利的原则,有关国家股红利具体收缴办法按财政部、国家国有资产管理局和中国人民银行联合颁发的《国有资产收益收缴管理办法》及财政部其他
有关规定执行。
第二十二条 改建的公司制企业,应按《企业财务通则》规定,定期向主管财政机关等政府部门以及其他与企业有关的报表使用者提供财务报告。年度财务报告应于年度终了后在规定的时间内连同中国注册会计师的查帐报告一并报送主管财政机关。各级财政机关应对公司制企业的财务
报告和中国注册会计师的查帐报告进行审查监督,加强对中介机构的监督管理,必要时可对出具查帐报告的中介机构进行抽查。
第二十三条 企业公司制改建中有关预算管理的具体问题财政部另行规定。
第二十四条 本规定由财政部负责解释。
第二十五条 本规定自1995年1月1日起执行。



1995年11月15日

METROLOGY LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


METROLOGY LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the 12th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 28 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on September 6, 1985, and
effective as of July 1, 1986)


Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Primary Standard Instruments of Measurement, Standard
Instruments of Measurement and Metrological Verification
Chapter III Administrative Control of Measuring Instruments
Chapter IV Metrological Supervision
Chapter V Legal Liability
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated to strengthen the metrological supervision and
administration, to ensure the uniformity of the national system of units
of measurement and the accuracy and reliability of the values of
quantities, so as to contribute to the development of production, trade
and science and technology, to meet the needs of socialist modernization
and to safeguard the interests of the state and the people.
Article 2
Within the territory of the People's Republic of China, this Law must be
abided by in establishing national primary standards of measurement and
standards of measurement, in conducting metrological verification, and in
the manufacture, repair, sale or use of measuring instruments.
Article 3
The State shall adopt the International System of Units (SI).
The International System of Units and other units of measurement adopted
by the State shall be the national legal units of measurement. The names
and symbols of the national legal units of measurement shall be
promulgated by the State Council. Non-national legal units of measurement
shall be abrogated. Measures for the abrogation shall be stipulated by the
State Council.
Article 4
The metrological administrative department of the State Council shall
exercise unified supervision over and administration of metrological work
throughout the country. The metrological administrative departments of the
local people's governments at and above the county level shall exercise
supervision over and administration of metrological work within their
respective administrative areas.

Chapter II Primary Standards of Measurement, Standards of Measure- ment and Metrological Verification
Article 5
The metrological administrative department of the State Council shall be
responsible for establishing all kinds of primary standards of
measurement, which shall serve as the ultimate basis for unifying the
values of quantities of the country.
Article 6
The metrological administrative departments of the local people's
governments at or above the county level may, according to the needs of
their respective areas, establish public standards of measurement, which
shall be put into use after being checked and found to be qualified by the
metrological administrative department of the people's government at the
next higher level.
Article 7
The competent department concerned of the State Council and the competent
department concerned of the people's governments of the provinces,
autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central
Government may, in light of their own specific needs, establish standards
of measurement for their own use. The ultimate standard of measurement of
each kind shall be put into use after being checked and found to be
qualified by the metrological administrative authorities of the people's
government at the corresponding level.
Article 8
Enterprises or institutions may, according to their needs, establish
standards of measurement for their own use. The ultimate standard of
measurement of each kind shall be put into use after being checked and
found to be qualified by the metrological administrative department of the
people's government concerned.
Article 9
The metrological administrative departments of the people's governments at
or above the county level shall make compulsory verification of the public
standards of measurement, the ultimate standards of measurement used in
the departments, enterprises and institutions as well as the working
measuring instruments used in settling trade accounts, safety protection,
medical and health work, or environmental monitoring that are listed in
the compulsory verification catalogue. Those measuring instruments which
have not been submitted for verification as required and those which have
been checked and found to be unqualified shall not be used. The catalogue
of the working measuring instruments subject to compulsory verification
and the measures for the administration of such instruments shall be
stipulated by the State Council.
Standards of measurement and working measuring instruments other than
those referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be verified at regular
intervals by the users themselves or by the metrological verification
institutions. The metrological administrative departments of the people's
governments at or above the county level shall supervise and inspect such
verification.
Article 10
Metrological verification shall be conducted according to the National
Metrological Verification System. The National Metrological Verification
System shall be worked out by the metrological administrative department
of the State Council. Metrological verification must be carried out in
accordance with the regulations governing metrological verification. The
national metrological verification regulations shall be formulated by the
metrological administrative department of the State Council. In the case
of certain instruments that are not covered in the national metrological
verification regulations, the competent departments of the State Council
and the metrological administrative departments of the people's
governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly
under the Central Government shall respectively formulate departmental and
local verification regulations. Such verification regulations shall be
submitted to the metrological administrative department of the State
Council for the record.
Article 11
Metrological verification shall, according to the principle of economy and
rationality, be carried out on the spot or in the vicinity.

Chapter III Administrative Control of Measuring Instruments
Article 12
An enterprise or institution which is to engage in manufacturing or
repairing measuring instruments must have facilities, personnel and
verification appliances appropriate to the measuring instruments it is to
manufacture or repair and, after being checked and considered as qualified
by the metrological administrative department of the people's government
at or above the county level, obtain a Licence for Manufacturing Measuring
Instruments or a License for Repairing Measuring Instruments.
The administrative departments for industry and commerce shall not issue a
business licence to an enterprise engaged in manufacturing or repairing
measuring instruments which has not obtained a Licence for Manufacturing
Measuring Instruments or a Licence for Repairing Measuring Instruments.
Article 13
When an enterprise or institution manufacturing measuring instruments
undertakes to manufacture new types of measuring instruments which it has
not previously manufactured, such measuring instruments may be put into
production only after the metrological performance of the sample products
has been checked and found to be qualified by the metrological
administrative department of a people's government at or above the
provincial level.
Article 14
Without the approval of the metrological administrative department of the
State Council, measuring instruments with non-legal units of measurement
which have been abrogated by the State Council, and other measuring
instruments which are banned by the State Council, shall not be
manufactured, sold or imported.
Article 15
An enterprise or institution engaged in manufacturing or repairing
measuring instruments must verify the measuring instruments it has
manufactured or repaired, guarantee the metrological performance of the
products and issue certificates of inspection for the qualified products.
The metrological administrative department of the people's governments at
or above the county level shall supervise and inspect the quality of the
measuring instruments manufactured or repaired.
Article 16
Measuring instruments imported from abroad may be sold only after having
been verified and found to be up to standard by the metrological
administrative department of the people's government at or above the
provincial level.
Article 17
When using measuring instruments, no person shall be allowed to impair
their accuracy, thereby prejudicing the interests of the State and
consumers.
Article 18
Self-employed workers or merchants may manufacture or repair simple
measuring instruments.
Any self-employed worker or merchant who is to engage in manufacturing or
repairing measuring instruments may apply for a business licence from the
administrative department for industry and commerce provided he has been
tested and found to be qualified by the metrological administrative
department of a people's government at the county level, and issued a
Licence for Manufacturing Measuring Instruments or a Licence for Repairing
Measuring Instruments.
The types of measuring instruments which can be manufactured or repaired
by self-employed workers or merchants shall be determined by the
metrological administrative department of the State Council, which shall
also adopt measures for their control.

Chapter IV Metrological Supervision
Article 19
The metrological administrative department of the people's governments at
or above the county level may, according to their needs, appoint
metrological supervisors. The measures for the administration of the
metrological supervisors shall be formulated by the metrological
administrative department of the State Council.
Article 20
The metrological administrative department of the people's governments at
or above the county level may, according to their needs, set up
metrological verification organs or authorize the metrological
verification institutions of other establishments to carry out compulsory
verification and other verification and testing tasks. The personnel
carrying out the tasks of verification and testing mentioned in the
preceding paragraph must be tested for their qualifications.
Article 21
Any dispute over the accuracy of measuring instruments shall be handled in
accordance with the data provided after verification with the national
primary standards of measurement or public standards of measurement.
Article 22
A product quality inspection agency which is to provide notarial data on
the quality of products for society must be checked for its capability and
reliability of metrological verification and testing by the metrological
administrative department of a people's government at or above the
provincial level.

Chapter V Legal Liability
Article 23
Whoever without a Licence for Manufactured Measuring Instruments or a
Licence for Repairing Measuring Instruments manufactures or repairs
measuring instruments shall be ordered to stop his production or business
operations. His unlawful income shall be confiscated and a fine may
concurrently be imposed.
Article 24
Whoever manufactures or sells a new type of measuring instrument which has
not been checked and found to be qualified shall be ordered to stop the
manufacture or sale of that new product. His unlawful income shall be
confiscated and he may concurrently be punished by a fine.
Article 25
Whoever manufactures, repairs or sells unqualified measuring instruments
shall have his unlawful income confiscated and a fine may concurrently be
imposed.
Article 26
Whoever uses measuring instruments subject to compulsory verification
without having filed an application for verification as required or
continues to use measuring instruments which have been checked but found
to be unqualified shall be ordered to stop the use and may concurrectly be
punished by a fine.
Article 27
Whoever uses unqualified measuring instruments or impairs the accuracy of
measuring instruments, thus causing losses to the State and consumers,
shall be ordered to make compensation for the losses and shall have his
measuring instruments and unlawful income confiscated and may concurrently
be punished by a fine.
Article 28
Whoever manufactures, sells or uses measuring instruments for the purpose
of deceiving consumers shall have his measuring instruments and unlawful
income confiscated and may concurrently be punished by a fine. If the
circumstances are serious, the individual or the person in the unit who is
directly responsible shall be investigated for his criminal responsibility
according to the crimes of swindling or speculation.
Article 29
When any individual or unit, in violation of the provisions of this Law,
manufactures, repairs or sells unqualified measuring instruments leading
to people's injury or death or causing major property losses, the
individual or the person in the unit who is directly responsible shall be
investigated for his criminal responsibility by reference to the
provisions of Article 187 of the Criminal Law.
Article 30
A metrological supervisor who transgresses the law and neglects his duty,
where the circumstances are serious, shall be investigated for criminal
responsibility pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law. If
the circumstances are minor, he shall be given an administrative sanction.
Article 31
The administrative sanction provided for in this Law shall be determined
by the metrological administrative department of a people's government at
or above the county level. The administrative sanction provided for in
Article 27 of this Law may also be determined by the administrative
departments for industry and commerce.
Article 32
A party who refuses to accept the decision of the administrative sanction
may, within 15 days after receipt of the notification of the decision,
file suit in a people's court. If within that time limit the party does
not file suit or comply with the penalty of paying a fine and having his
unlawful income confiscated, the administrative authorities which have
made the decision of the administrative sanction may request the people's
court for compulsory execution.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Article 33
Measures for the administration of and supervision over metrological work
in the Chinese People's Liberation Army and in units under the
jurisdiction of the Commission on Science, Technology and Industry for
National Defence shall be formulated separately by the State Council and
the Central Military Commission in accordance with this Law.
Article 34
The metrological administrative department of the State Council shall, in
accordance with this Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which
shall go into effect after being submitted to and approved by the State
Council.
Article 35
This Law shall go into effect on July 1, 1986.





Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.


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